Al Muhayawi SM, et al. Indian J Surg. Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Post-bariatric Med. Treating severe wounds in conservative treatment with medical grade honey: a case pediatrics with medical grade honey: a case series. Clin Case report and review of literature.
Int J Surg Case Rep. Br J Nurs. Moghaddam A. Use of Medihoney as a non-surgical therapy for ;28 6 :S30—5. Honey, wound repair and regenerative Spinal Cord. J Funct Biomater.
Therapeutic ical trial of honey-impregnated dressing for treating diabetic properties of honey. Honey analysis. UK: IntechOpen; J Coll Phys Surg Pak. Multicentre prospective observational study on diabetic and nondiabetic rats. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. Int ;11 2 — Wound J. Palliative management of malodorous silver nanoparticles and honey in experimental wound healing squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity with Manuka process in rats.
Biomed Res. J Wound Ostomy Cont Nurs. Honey: an immunomodulator in wound healing. Honey and wound healing: an Wound Repair Regen. Biological properties and crobial activity of honey against common equine wound bac- therapeutic activities of honey in wound healing: a narrative terial isolates. Vet J. J Tissue Viabil. A new approach to wound healing. Musa OA. The sensitivity to honey of control in patients with persistent asthma. Int J Res Med Sci.
J Appl Microbiol. Immunomodulatory and therapeutic properties of [85] Szweda P. Antimicrobial activity of honey. Honey Anal. Int Immunopharmacol. Nanomaterials as [68] Allwayzy KR. Int J Sci Technol Res. Makarchian HR. Electrospun on wound healing in rats. Acta Cir Brasil. Honey dressing in wound treatment: a for tissue engineering and biomedical applications.
Compl Ther Med. Fabrication and charac- Walker N. Honey as a topical treatment for wounds. Cochrane terization of hybrid sponge for healing of infectious burn Database Syst Rev. Recent Pat Nanotechnol. Honey: its medicinal property and antibacterial activity By Shyamapada Mandal. On the 23rd day, the entire surface of the lesion treated with the dressing was covered with hair follicles and matured fibrous tissue. Antibacterial activity observed against the tested S.
Table 3 Examples of honey electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds, obtention methods and main findings. Effective biocompatible wound dressing. In vitro Drastically reduced biofilm Nanofiber membranes with 0. Excellent biocompatibility m incorporation of MH could further improve the affinity of SF fibrous matrices for cells [ ] In vitro Increase in the bacterial inhibition efficacy with increasing the content of MH.
Honey-Based Hydrogels Hydrogels are high-water-content materials prepared from cross-linked polymers, such as chitosan, and can provide sustained, local delivery of a variety of therapeutic agents [ ]. Honey-Based Electrospun Nanofiber Scaffolds In biomedical applications, the nanofiber membranes prepared by electro-spinning are used in wound dressings, biosensing, tissue engineering scaffolds, artificial organs, and drug delivery [ ].
Conclusions The use of honey for biomedical applications has gained special focus over the years, with the development of novel applications for this natural product, taking advantage of its unique chemical characteristics. Author Contributions Conceptualization, writing—original draft preparation, H. Funding This research received no external funding. Institutional Review Board Statement Not applicable. Informed Consent Statement Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. References 1. Kus K. Wound Dressings—A Practical Review.
Khaleghverdi S. Biointerface Res. Bowden L. Anderson K. Factors That Impair Wound Healing. Wound Spec. Olsson M. Wound Repair Regen. Molan P. Honey: A Biologic Wound Dressing. Rossi M. Combarros-Fuertes P. Campeau M. Hayes G. Maddocks S. Future Microbiol. McLoone P. Oryan A. Tissue Viability. Jull A.
Smaropoulos E. Case Rep. Alam F. Based Complement. Hixon K. Wound Care. Nair H. The Evidence and the Rationale for the Use of Honey. Wound Pract. Wound Ostomy Cont. Kamaratos A. Wound J. Efem S. Du Toit D. Silvia P. Honey: Chemical Composition, Stability and Authenticity. Food Chem. Yilmaz A. Honey dressing in wound treatment: A systematic review. Martinotti S. Honey, Wound Repair and Regenerative Medicine. Mcloone P. Albaridi N. Antibacterial Potency of Honey.
Abuharfeil N. Food Agric. Tonks A. Vestby L. New Strategies Combating Bacterial Infection. KGaA; Weinheim, Germany: Krishnakumar G.
Wound Med. Sukur S. Indian J. Natarajan S. Gethin G. Johnson D. Sindi A. Cooper R. Inhibition of Biofilms through the Use of Manuka Honey. Merckoll P. Kot B. Wasfi R. Truchado P. Jenkins R. Silva B. Food Res. Yadav A. B Biol. Nooh H. Acta Histochem. Kassim M. Leong A. Innate Immun. Al-Mamary M. Gheldof N. Brudzynski K. Pyrzynska K. Analysis of Phenolic Acids and Flavonoids in Honey.
TrAC Trends Anal. Majtan J. Honey: An Immunomodulator in Wound Healing. Alvarez-suarez J. Subrahmanyam M. Kumar P. Aesthetic Res.
Rossiter K. Chaudhary A. Eteraf-oskouei T. Basic Med Sci. Stewart J. Control treatments were with water. The sleep of the gastric ulcer patients was also improved by ingestion of 50 g honey before sleep. In order to decrease gastric juice acidity the author recommends the intake of warm honey solution 40 to 60 minutes before eating.
A Bulgarian clinical study with dispeptic patients showed that honey consumption more than once weekly led to lower Helicobacter pylori rates of the patients39 There are reports on healing of patients of suffering from gastritis, duodenitis and duodenal ulcers by intake of 30 ml of honey Clinical and animal studies have shown that honey reduces the secretion of gastric acid.
Additionally, gastric ulcers have been successfully treated by the use of honey as a dietary supplement. Laxative effect against constipation In certain cases, consumption of relatively large amounts of honey 50 to g can lead to a mild laxative effect in individual with insufficient absorption of honey fructose Fructose is less readily absorbed in the intestinal tract than fructose together with glucose The mild laxative properties of honey are used for the treatment of constipation in Eastern Europe, China and the Near East.
However one should not give honey against constipation of infants younger than 1 year old because of the children botulism risk.
Against acute gastroenteritis in children A clinical study of honey treatment in infantile gastroenteritis was reported by Haffejee and Moosa.
Honey was found to shorten the duration of diarrhoea in patients with bacterial gastroenteritis caused by organisms such as Salmonella, Shigella and E.
The high sugar content of honey means that it could be used to promote sodium and water absorption from the bowel In a later clinical trial in Egypt, honey added to oral rehydration solution promoted rehydration of the body and sped recovery from vomiting and diarrhea2 Against alcohol abuse Animal experiments have shown that the administration of a honey solution via a tube in the stomach of rabbits prior to them being administered with 0.
Honey administered subcutaneously or orally before oral administration of ethanol affords protection against gastric damage and reverses changes in pH induced by ethanol18 A controlled clinical trial demonstrated the use of fructose in the treatment of acute alcoholic intoxication. A small but significant increase occurred in the rate of fall of blood-ethanol levels and it was concluded that fructose may be beneficial in shortening the duration of alcoholic intoxication Positive effects of honey on ethanol intoxication such as disappearance in blood increase and of ethanol elimination rate has also been confirmed in studies with humans, The anti gastric ulcer and anti-gastritis effect of honey can be explained by its antibacterial and anti- inflammatory action, as well as with its inhibitory effect on the acidity of the gastric juice.
The positive effect of honey on nutrition function is also due to its prebiotic effect. Elevation of insulin and C-reactive protein was significantly higher after dextrose than after honey. Dextrose reduced cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol LDL-C. A similar study has been recently carried out in normal and overweight persons carrying a higher risk for a cardiovascular disease. These patients were given 70 g honey for 30 days.
Results showed that honey caused a mild reduction in body weight 1. The conclusion of the authors is that consumption of natural honey reduces cardiovascular risk factors, particularly in subjects with elevated risk factors, and it does not increase body weight in overweight or obese subjects Honey decreases also platelet aggregation and blood coagulation5.
The above cited studies suggest small effects of honey on arteriosclerosis risk factors such as cholesterol, LDL-c and TG, the first studies being carried out with only 9 patients. In a study with 30 persons and 30 controls it was shown that no significant decrease of cholesterol HDL and TG was encountered after ingestion of 75 g honey daily for a period of 14 days. While there were no effects in men, in women HDL values were increased in the controls having ingested sucrose, while in the honey group no increase was encountered, pointing out that honey has a positive effects in women The effect of honey intake on the blood risk factors was tested in diabetes 2 patients controls with no intake.
Body weight, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and triglyceride decreased, while and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol ratio increased significantly Honey can contain nitric oxide NO metabolites which are known cardiovascular disease risk indicators.
Increased levels of nitric oxides in honey could have a protecting function in cardiovascular diseases. Total nitrite concentration in different biological fluids from humans, including saliva, plasma, and urine was measured after ingestion by humans of 80 g of honey. Salivary, plasma and urinary NO metabolites concentrations showed a tendency to increase 11, Different honey types contained various concentrations of NO metabolites, darker or fresh honeys containing more NO metabolites than light or stored honey.
After heating, NO metabolites decreased in all the kinds of honey 11, The cardiovascular effects of honey can be explained by its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Buckwheat honey was chosen in this study because of its high antioxidant properties. The same study shows that honey is more effective than a chemical anti cough syrup A review of the conducted clinical trials in the literature by Oduwole et al. There is no strong evidence for or against the use of honey A double-blind randomised controlled trial was conducted from to in Iran.
Included in the study were 97 adults who had experienced persistent post-infectious cough PPC for more than three weeks. The participants were distributed into three groups.
A jam-like paste was prepared which consisted of honey plus coffee for the first group 'HC' , prednisolone for the second group steroid, 'S' , and guaifenesin for the third group control, 'C'. The participants were told to dissolve a specified amount of their product in warm water and to drink the solution every eight hours for one week.
Honey plus coffee was found to be the most effective treatment modality for PPC. The recipe for the honey-coffee mixture : g honey mixed with g instant coffee powder. The daily dose was Intake of 90 ml milk with 10 g honey was tested in Italy on children with non-specific acute cough, resulting in improvement, similar to the one achieved by standard anti-cough drugs Honey relieved the cough in a clinical test with children better than diphenhydramine but less than dextromethorphan75 HONEY AND THE BRAIN Al-Hymyari conducted a five-year pilot study involving cognitively intact subjects and with mild cognitive impairment aged 65 and older.
They were randomized to receive either one daily tablespoon of Middle East honey or placebo. They found that only 95 subjects who received honey compared to who received placebo developed dementia. The study concluded that honey and its properties act as natural preventive therapies for both cognitive decline and dementia12 A study using Tualang honey was conducted on healthy postmenopausal women randomly assigned to one of three groups; untreated control, estrogen plus progestin therapy and Tualang honey.
Postmenopausal Bee Product Science, www. This result was comparable with the memory improvement seen in women receiving estrogen plus progestin therapy The neurological effects of honey have been recently reviewed The review points out that different honey components, mostly polyphenols, have neurological effects on the brain. There is also direct evidence: according to the original references cited in this review honey has following effects: 1.
Honey is reported to be an important component of Brahma rasayan, an Ayurvedic formulation that is prescribed to extend the lifespan and improve memory, intellect, concentration, and physical strength 2. Postmenopausal women who received honey showed improvements in their immediate memory but not in immediate memory after interference or in delayed recall.
It has been claimed for a long time that honey influences beneficially human sleep, but there were no experiments to prove the claims. Ingestion of one to two table spoons of buckwheat honey g by children of 6 to 18 years years old- one table spoon, yeas old 2 table spoons improved also the sleep of coughing children, These results were confirmed with 3 honeys eucalyptus, citrus and labiatae for the improvement of sleep in children year old with upper respiratory tract infections45 According to a theoretical model for the influence of honey on sleep honey stabilizes blood sugar levels and contributes to the release of melatonin, the hormone required for recovery and rebuilding of body tissues during rest96 HONEY AGAINST DIABETES?
The Ukranian doctors Frolov and Peresadin reported on a unique long term honey intake experiment. Frolov is the chair of the department of infectious diseases in the medical university of Luganska. All members of the department took 3 times a day, a total of g of honey added to lukewarm tea.
In the whole experiment 26 people took part in this unique experiment n and number of years : n 5 for 20 y; n 6 for 15 y; n 8 for 10 y; n 5 for 5 to 10 y. During the whole experiment no other prophylactic was used.
During the last 8 years of the experiment the department was in close contact with patients with influenza and inflammation of the upper respiratory organs or with other infectious diseases like virus hepatitis, dysentery and even cholera. During the 20 year duration of the experiment no department member had any of the described diseases. In the immunological blood test it was found that the skin and the blood had an increased bactericidal activity, combined with very low microbial counts on the skin, while there were no pathogens in the whole area of the upper respiratory organs.
This shows that a long term honey intake increases the anti-infectious immunity Hay fever and allergic rhinitis Another controversial possible application of honey is its use for preventing hay fever.
Beekeepers claim that eating honey in the pre-vegetation season i. A report by Croft presented evidence that daily ingestion during winter time of g of honey resulted in improvements of hay fever symptoms in 16 out of 21 patients In another study it was shown that honey to which birch pollen were added was more effective of treating rhinitis against birch pollen than conventional honey Bee Product Science, www.
A clinical trial did not confirm the positive effects of honey ingestions, but honey was taken during the hay fever season and not before it As hay fever is increasing in developed countries this issue should be faced with more clinical trials, carried out in a correct way.
More research is necessary to clarify this possible effect of honey. Fertility In a preliminary announcement at the 2nd International Conference on the Medicinal Use of Honey in there is a preliminary announcement that intracervical injection of honey in women with chronic endocervitis was of positive therapeutic value both in terms of clinical cure and fertility enhancement1.
Supplementation of honey to cryoprotectant solution results in enhancement of overall human male sperm quality63 Anaemia Remy Chauvin reviews different early works carrreid out by Theobald et al. The dose given was one tea to one soup spoon in warm milk per day. The increase of blood haemoglobin was seen after one week of intake 44 These clinical results are confirmed by experiments by Haydak et al. Only dark honeys, e. Risk factors for vascular and other diseases in 41 men who recorded eating honey suggest that these men were on the whole healthier than the men who had not recorded honey consumption.
All- cause mortality during 25 years of follow-up was considerably lower in the men who had consumed honey, the hazard ratio, adjusted for a number of possible confounding factors, being 0. Because of the small number of subjects and of deaths in this study, further data from other large cohorts will be required before any effect upon mortality and other health effects of honey consumption can be adequately evaluated46 Obesity As a food rich in carbohydrates eating of large quantities of honey will of course cause obesity.
However, eating of honey will cause less weight increase than the same quantities of sucrose33, , Treated disease Very good and good improvement No improvement Alopecia 11 5 Geriatry 59 - Impotency 21 6 Inflammation of the vagina 21 5 Neurasthenia 60 - Pediatrics 47 12 Prostatitis 24 5 Radicultis 47 15 Stomatology 43 Some honeys have a low glycemic index: e. Other fructose rich honeys such as thyme, and also probably type I chestnut, heather and tupelo are good alternatives.
Use for the treatment of radiation-induced mucositis Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects Positive effect of honey ingestion on hepatitis A patients Anti-inflammatory effect Improvement of cough in children Contact soothing effect, sweet substances, as a sweetener honey causes reflex salivation and increases airway secretions which may lubricate the airway and remove the trigger that causes a dry, nonproductive cough.
Massagist puts hands puts hands onto this area and unglues the palms. Easy at first, "ungluing" the hands becomes more difficult with every move because the tension force increases. Massage lasts until the palms no longer stick to the massaged area, and the honey disappears from it.
The actual duration depends on the type and quality of honey. Generally, honey massage lasts from 30 minutes. This variability could be a handicap, given the market requirement for a consistent product, but when properly managed, it also could represent an opportunity for enhancing honey by offering to the consumer a number of typical products with special characteristics, according to the particular botanical origin. Indeed, unifloral honeys are regarded as a more valuable class of honey, and botanical denominations are widely employed on the European market, often achieving higher prices than honey blends.
Unifloral honeys have higher prices than blend honeys. In non-European countries, with the exception of the Manuka New Zealand honey, unifloral honeys have a smaller importance. Information on European honeys is compiled in the special Apidologie Issue 35 from In Europe there are more than plant species that can give origin to unifloral honey, most of them having only a local importance Most biological and clinical studies reviewed above have been made with undetermined types of honeys and there are very few studies where comparisons have been done with different unifloral honeys.
Here the fields will be reviewed where such studies have been carried out. The health effects reported in the different publications reported above were measured mostly after 2 to 3 weeks of daily honey ingestion. Practical apitherapists suggest for health enhancing effects a daily honey ingestion for 1. The normal daily allowance for carbohydrate sweeteners is 25 grams. Considering that the recommended amount of honey is quite high, intake of other sweeteners should be avoided.
A normal intake of about g per day will rather have a long term health enhancing effect. Journal of Medicinal Food 13 3 : Pediatric Hematology and Oncology 29 3 : Journal of Medicinal Food 16 1 : Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 24 3 : Annals of Plastic Surgery 50 2 : Critical Reviews in Oncology Hematology S Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 87 1 : Hepato Gastroenterology 45 19 : European journal of medical research 4 3 : Kazi Publications Chicago 3rd.
Alzheimers Dement 5: European journal of medical research 6: Journal of Medicinal Food 7 1 : Medical Science Monitor 10 8 : ScientificWorldJournal: Saudi Med. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology ALI, A T M M Natural honey exerts its protective effects against ethanol-induced gastric lesions in rats by preventing depletion of glandular nonprotein sulfhydryls.
Tropical Gastroenterol. ALI, A T M M Natural honey prevents ischaemia-reperfusion-induced gastric mucosal lesions and increased vascular permeability in rats. European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 9 11 : Gastroenterology 12 3 : Journal of Periodontology 83 9 : Annals of Saudi Medicine 33 5 : International journal of food sciences and nutrition 60 7 : Zemdirbyste, Mokslo Darbai Journal of Clinical Nursing 17 19 : Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 53 3 : A preliminary study.
Supportive Care in Cancer 11 4 : AlpForum Forschende Komplementarmedizin 17 2 : Pediatrics 4 : Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease The use of honey has recently gained clinical popularity for possible use in wound treatment and regenerative medicine. With this high demand, a better delivery and application procedure is required, as well as research aiming at its bioactivity. Honey is a safe natural substance, effective in the inhibition of bacterial growth and the treatment of a broad range of wound types, including burns, scratches, diabetic boils Skin abscesses associated with diabetic , malignancies, leprosy, fistulas, leg ulcers, traumatic boils, cervical and varicose ulcers, amputation, burst abdominal wounds, septic and surgical wounds, cracked nipples, and wounds in the abdominal wall.
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